A SUT (System Under Test) is the system or component being tested in a testing process. The term is commonly used in software development and quality assurance.
A typical testing process includes:
The Whoops PHP library is a powerful and user-friendly error handling tool for PHP applications. It provides clear and well-structured error pages, making it easier to debug and fix issues.
✅ Beautiful, interactive error pages
✅ Detailed stack traces with code previews
✅ Easy integration into existing PHP projects
✅ Support for various frameworks (Laravel, Symfony, Slim, etc.)
✅ Customizable with custom handlers and loggers
You can install Whoops using Composer:
composer require filp/whoopsHere's a simple example of how to enable Whoops in your PHP project:
require 'vendor/autoload.php';
use Whoops\Run;
use Whoops\Handler\PrettyPageHandler;
$whoops = new Run();
$whoops->pushHandler(new PrettyPageHandler());
$whoops->register();
// Trigger an error (e.g., calling an undefined variable)
echo $undefinedVariable;If an error occurs, Whoops will display a clear and visually appealing debug page.
You can extend Whoops by adding custom error handling, for example:
use Whoops\Handler\CallbackHandler;
$whoops->pushHandler(new CallbackHandler(function ($exception, $inspector, $run) {
error_log($exception->getMessage());
}));This version logs errors to a file instead of displaying them.
Whoops is mainly used in development environments to quickly detect and fix errors. However, in production environments, it should be disabled or replaced with a custom error page.
TortoiseGit is a graphical user interface (GUI) for Git, specifically designed for Windows. It is an extension for Windows Explorer, allowing users to manage Git repositories directly via the context menu.
✅ Windows Explorer Integration → No separate tool needed; everything is accessible via the right-click menu
✅ User-Friendly → Ideal for those unfamiliar with the Git command line
✅ Visual Support → Changes, diffs, logs, and branches are displayed graphically
✅ Push, Pull, Commit & Merge → Perform standard Git operations via the interface
✅ Support for Multiple Repositories → Manage multiple projects simultaneously
TortoiseGit requires a Git installation (e.g., Git for Windows) to function.
➡ Download & More Info: https://tortoisegit.org/
The Fetch API is a modern JavaScript interface for retrieving resources over the network, such as making HTTP requests to an API or loading data from a server. It largely replaces the older XMLHttpRequest method and provides a simpler, more flexible, and more powerful way to handle network requests.
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1')
.then(response => response.json()) // Convert response to JSON
.then(data => console.log(data)) // Log the data
.catch(error => console.error('Error:', error)); // Handle errorsMaking a POST Request
fetch('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts', {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json'
},
body: JSON.stringify({ title: 'New Post', body: 'Post content', userId: 1 })
})
.then(response => response.json())
.then(data => console.log(data))
.catch(error => console.error('Error:', error));✅ Simpler syntax compared to XMLHttpRequest
✅ Supports async/await for better readability
✅ Flexible request and response handling
✅ Better error management using Promises
The Fetch API is now supported in all modern browsers and is an essential technique for web development.
A Single Page Application (SPA) is a web application that runs entirely within a single HTML page. Instead of reloading the entire page for each interaction, it dynamically updates the content using JavaScript, providing a smooth, app-like user experience.
✅ Faster interactions after the initial load
✅ Improved user experience (no full page reloads)
✅ Offline functionality possible via Service Workers
❌ Initial load time can be slow (large JavaScript bundle)
❌ SEO challenges (since content is often loaded dynamically)
❌ More complex implementation, especially for security and routing
Popular frameworks for SPAs include React, Angular, and Vue.js.
Puppet is an open-source configuration management tool used to automate IT infrastructure. It helps provision, configure, and manage servers and software automatically. Puppet is widely used in DevOps and cloud environments.
✅ Declarative Language: Infrastructure is described using a domain-specific language (DSL).
✅ Agent-Master Architecture: A central Puppet server distributes configurations to clients (agents).
✅ Idempotency: Changes are only applied if necessary.
✅ Cross-Platform Support: Works on Linux, Windows, macOS, and cloud environments.
✅ Modularity: Large community with many prebuilt modules.
A Puppet manifest (.pp file) might look like this:
package { 'nginx':
ensure => installed,
}
service { 'nginx':
ensure => running,
enable => true,
require => Package['nginx'],
}
file { '/var/www/html/index.html':
ensure => file,
content => '<h1>Hello, Puppet!</h1>',
require => Service['nginx'],
}🔹 This Puppet script ensures that Nginx is installed, running, enabled on startup, and serves a simple HTML page.
1️⃣ Write a manifest (.pp files) defining the desired configurations.
2️⃣ Puppet Master sends configurations to Puppet Agents (servers/clients).
3️⃣ Puppet Agent checks system state and applies only necessary changes.
Puppet is widely used in large IT infrastructures to maintain consistency and efficiency.
Jest is a JavaScript testing framework developed by Meta (Facebook). It is mainly used for testing JavaScript and TypeScript applications, especially React applications, but it also works well for Node.js backends.
// sum.js
function sum(a, b) {
return a + b;
}
module.exports = sum;
// sum.test.js
const sum = require('./sum');
test('addiert 1 + 2 und ergibt 3', () => {
expect(sum(1, 2)).toBe(3);
});o run the test, use:
jestOr, if installed locally in a project:
npx jestCSS Media Queries are a technique in CSS that allows a webpage layout to adapt to different screen sizes, resolutions, and device types. They are a core feature of Responsive Web Design.
@media (condition) {
/* CSS rules that apply only under this condition */
}1. Adjusting for different screen widths:
/* For screens with a maximum width of 600px (e.g., smartphones) */
@media (max-width: 600px) {
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
}2. Detecting landscape vs. portrait orientation:
@media (orientation: landscape) {
body {
background-color: lightgreen;
}
}3. Styling for print output:
@media print {
body {
font-size: 12pt;
color: black;
background: none;
}
}✅ Mobile-first design: Optimizing websites for small screens first and then expanding for larger screens.
✅ Dark mode: Adjusting styles based on user preference (prefers-color-scheme).
✅ Retina displays: Using high-resolution images or specific styles for high pixel density screens (min-resolution: 2dppx).
A Bearer Token is a type of access token used for authentication and authorization in web applications and APIs. The term "Bearer" means "holder," which implies that anyone in possession of the token can access protected resources—without additional verification.
Authorization: Bearer <token>.GET /protected-data HTTP/1.1
Host: api.example.com
Authorization: Bearer abcdef123456💡 Tip: To enhance security, use short-lived tokens and transmit them only over HTTPS.
OAuth (Open Authorization) is an open standard protocol for authorization that allows applications to access a user's resources without knowing their credentials (e.g., password). It is commonly used for Single Sign-On (SSO) and API access.
OAuth operates using tokens, which allow an application to access a user's data on their behalf. The typical flow is as follows:
Python
