FastAPI is a modern, high-performance web framework for Python that's specifically designed for building APIs. It is based on Python 3.6+, and built using Starlette (for the web parts) and Pydantic (for data validation and serialization).
✅ Fast – One of the fastest Python frameworks available, with performance close to Node.js and Go (thanks to uvicorn
and Starlette
).
✅ Automatic Documentation – Generates interactive API docs automatically using Swagger UI and ReDoc.
✅ Type Safety – Leverages Python type hints to validate inputs and generate documentation automatically.
✅ Asynchronous Support – Full support for async
/await
, making it great for I/O-heavy tasks like database access or API calls.
✅ Easy to Use – Simple to learn and use, especially for developers familiar with Python and type annotations.
from fastapi import FastAPI
app = FastAPI()
@app.get("/")
def read_root():
return {"message": "Hello World"}
If you run this (e.g., with uvicorn main:app --reload
), it starts a web server and gives you automatic interactive docs at http://localhost:8000/docs
.
RESTful APIs
Backends for web or mobile apps
Microservices
Machine learning model APIs or data processing services
A repository (often shortened to "repo") is a directory or storage space where your project’s source code, configuration files, documentation, and version history are stored. It helps you track changes, collaborate with others, and manage your code over time.
🔁 Versioning: Tools like Git allow you to roll back changes, compare versions, and develop new features in separate branches.
🤝 Collaboration: Developers can work together, submit pull requests, open issues, and review each other’s code.
🌍 Remote repositories: Online platforms like GitHub, GitLab, or Bitbucket host repositories for teams to collaborate globally.
Example:
git clone https://github.com/username/my-project.git
A repository is a collection of software packages used by a package manager (like apt
, yum
, or pip
) to install or update programs.
Example:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install firefox
Outside of IT, a repository can be any kind of database or archive — for example, a digital library of research papers or datasets.
OpenID Connect (OIDC) is an authentication protocol built on top of OAuth 2.0. It allows clients (like web or mobile apps) to verify the identity of a user who logs in via an external identity provider (IdP) — such as Google, Microsoft, Apple, etc.
OAuth 2.0 → handles authorization (access to resources)
OpenID Connect → handles authentication (who is the user?)
User clicks "Login with Google"
Your app redirects the user to Google’s login page
After successful login, Google redirects back with an ID token
Your app validates this JWT token
You now know who the user is — verified by Google
The ID token is a JSON Web Token (JWT) containing user identity data, like:
{
"iss": "https://accounts.google.com",
"sub": "1234567890",
"name": "John Doe",
"email": "john@example.com",
"iat": 1650000000,
"exp": 1650003600
}
iss
= issuer (e.g. Google)
sub
= user ID
email
, name
= user info
iat
, exp
= issued at / expiration
“Login with Google/Microsoft/Apple”
Single Sign-On (SSO) in organizations
Centralized user identity (Keycloak, Auth0, Azure AD)
OAuth APIs that require identity verification
Component | Description |
---|---|
Relying Party | Your app (requests login) |
Identity Provider | External login provider (e.g. Google) |
ID Token | JWT containing the user’s identity |
UserInfo Endpoint | (Optional) endpoint for additional user data |
PEST is a modern testing framework for PHP that focuses on clean syntax, readability, and developer experience. It builds on PHPUnit but provides a much more expressive and minimalistic interface.
📌 PEST = "PHP Testing for Humans"
It’s designed for developers who want to write fast, readable, and elegant tests — with less boilerplate.
PEST is built on top of PHPUnit, but it:
Provides a cleaner, simpler syntax
Removes unnecessary structure
Encourages a functional, behavior-driven style
Still supports traditional PHPUnit classes if needed
PHPUnit:
class UserTest extends TestCase
{
public function test_user_has_name()
{
$user = new User('John');
$this->assertEquals('John', $user->name);
}
}
PEST:
it('has a name', function () {
$user = new User('John');
expect($user->name)->toBe('John');
});
👉 Much shorter and easier to read — especially when writing many tests.
✅ Elegant, expressive syntax (inspired by Jest/Mocha)
🧪 Supports unit, feature, API, and browser-based testing
🧱 Data-driven testing via with([...])
🧬 Test hooks like beforeEach()
/ afterEach()
🎨 Fully extensible with plugins and custom expectations
🔄 Fully compatible with PHPUnit — you can run both side by side
In a Laravel or Composer project:
composer require pestphp/pest --dev
php artisan pest:install # for Laravel projects
Then run tests:
./vendor/bin/pest
PEST is ideal if you:
Want to write tests that are fun and easy to maintain
Prefer clean, modern syntax
Already use PHPUnit but want a better experience
💡 Many Laravel developers are adopting PEST because it integrates seamlessly with Laravel and truly makes testing feel "human" — just like its slogan says.
OPcache is a built-in bytecode caching extension for PHP that significantly improves performance by precompiling PHP code and storing it in memory (RAM).
Normally, every PHP request goes through:
Reading the PHP source file
Parsing and compiling it into bytecode
Executing the bytecode
With OPcache, this process happens only once. After the first request, PHP uses the precompiled bytecode from memory, skipping the parsing and compiling steps.
Benefit | Description |
---|---|
⚡ Faster performance | Eliminates redundant parsing and compiling |
🧠 Reduced CPU usage | Lower system load, especially under high traffic |
💾 In-memory execution | No need to read PHP files from disk |
🛡️ More stable and secure | Reduces risks from dynamically loaded or poorly written code |
php -i | grep opcache.enable
Or in code:
phpinfo();
📦 Typical Configuration (php.ini
)
opcache.enable=1
opcache.memory_consumption=128
opcache.interned_strings_buffer=8
opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000
opcache.validate_timestamps=1
opcache.revalidate_freq=2
💡 In production, it’s common to set
opcache.validate_timestamps=0
— meaning PHP won’t check for file changes on every request. This gives even more performance, but you’ll need to manually reset the cache after code updates.
OPcache is especially helpful for:
Via PHP:
opcache_reset();
Or from the command line:
php -r "opcache_reset();"
OPcache is a simple but powerful performance booster for any PHP application. It should be enabled in every production environment — it’s free, built-in, and drastically reduces load times and server strain.
Zero Trust is a security concept based on the principle:
"Never trust, always verify."
Unlike traditional security models that automatically trust internal network traffic, Zero Trust assumes that every user, device, and application must be authenticated, authorized, and continuously monitored — regardless of whether they are inside or outside the network perimeter.
Verification over Trust
No one is trusted by default — every user, device, and service must prove who they are.
Least Privilege Access
Users and services only get the minimum access they truly need — nothing more.
Continuous Validation
Trust is not permanent — it’s reevaluated continuously (based on behavior, location, device status, etc.).
Micro-Segmentation
The network is divided into small, isolated zones to prevent lateral movement if an attacker breaks in.
Centralized Visibility & Logging
Every access attempt is logged and monitored — critical for audits, compliance, and detecting threats.
Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA)
Identity & Access Management (IAM)
Device Posture Checks (e.g., antivirus, patch status)
ZTNA (Zero Trust Network Access) as a VPN replacement
Micro-segmentation via cloud firewalls or SDN
Security Monitoring Tools (e.g., SIEM, UEBA)
Remote Work: Employees work from anywhere — not just inside a "trusted" office LAN.
Cloud & SaaS adoption: Data lives outside your data center.
Evolving Threat Landscape: Ransomware, insider threats, social engineering.
Without Zero Trust:
A user logs in via VPN and has full network access, just because they're "inside".
With Zero Trust:
The user must verify identity, device health is checked, and access is limited to only necessary apps — no blind trust.
Zero Trust is not a single product — it's a security strategy. Its goal is to reduce risk by enforcing continuous verification and minimizing access. When done right, it can drastically lower the chances of data breaches, insider threats, and lateral movement within a network.
Deployer is an open-source deployment tool for PHP projects — specifically designed to automate, standardize, and securely deploy applications like Laravel, Symfony, Magento, WordPress, or any custom PHP apps.
It’s a CLI tool, written in PHP.
You define your deployment process in a deploy.php
configuration file with clearly defined tasks.
It supports zero-downtime deployment using symbolic links (symlinks).
It supports multi-environment deployments (e.g., staging, production).
Install Deployer via Composer:
composer require deployer/deployer --dev
Generate a config template:
vendor/bin/dep init
Configure deploy.php
, e.g., for Laravel:
host('my-server.com')
->set('deploy_path', '/var/www/myproject')
->set('branch', 'main');
task('deploy', [
'deploy:prepare',
'deploy:vendors',
'artisan:migrate',
'deploy:publish',
]);
Deploy your app:
vendor/bin/dep deploy production
Deployer:
Connects to the server via SSH
Clones your Git repo into a new release directory
Installs Composer dependencies
Runs custom tasks (e.g., php artisan migrate
)
Updates the symlink to point to the new release (current
)
Removes old releases if configured
Laravel Octane is an official package for the Laravel framework that dramatically boosts application performance by running Laravel on high-performance application servers like Swoole or RoadRunner.
Instead of reloading the Laravel framework on every HTTP request (as with traditional PHP-FPM setups), Octane keeps the application in memory, avoiding repeated bootstrapping. This makes your Laravel app much faster.
Laravel Octane uses persistent worker servers (e.g., Swoole or RoadRunner), which:
Bootstrap the Laravel application once,
Then handle incoming requests repeatedly without restarting the framework.
Benefit | Description |
---|---|
⚡ Faster performance | Up to 10x faster than traditional PHP-FPM setups |
🔁 Persistent workers | No full reload on every request |
🌐 WebSockets & real-time support | Built-in support via Swoole/RoadRunner |
🧵 Concurrency | Parallel task handling possible |
🔧 Built-in tools | Task workers, route reload watching, background tasks, etc. |
RoadRunner is a high-performance PHP application server developed by Spiral Scout. It serves as a replacement for traditional PHP-FPM (FastCGI Process Manager) and offers a major performance boost by keeping your PHP application running persistently — especially useful with frameworks like Laravel or Symfony.
PHP scripts are not reloaded on every request. Instead, they run continuously in persistent worker processes (similar to Node.js or Swoole).
This eliminates the need to re-bootstrap the framework on every request — resulting in significantly faster response times than with PHP-FPM.
RoadRunner is written in the programming language Go, which provides high concurrency, easy deployment, and great stability.
Native HTTP server (with HTTPS, Gzip, CORS, etc.)
PSR-7 and PSR-15 middleware support
Supports:
Hot reload support with a watch plugin
RoadRunner starts PHP worker processes.
These workers load your full framework bootstrap once.
Incoming HTTP or gRPC requests are forwarded to the PHP workers.
The response is returned through the Go layer — fast and concurrent.
Laravel + RoadRunner (instead of Laravel + PHP-FPM)
High-traffic applications and APIs
Microservices
Real-time apps (e.g., using WebSockets)
Low-latency, serverless-like services
Feature | PHP-FPM | RoadRunner |
---|---|---|
Bootstraps per request | Yes | No (persistent workers) |
Speed | Good | Excellent |
WebSocket support | No | Yes |
gRPC support | No | Yes |
Language | C | Go |
The .htaccess
file is a configuration file for Apache web servers that allows you to control the behavior of your website — without needing access to the main server configuration. It’s usually placed in the root directory of your website (e.g., /public_html
or /www
).
.htaccess
only works on Apache servers (not nginx).
Changes take effect immediately — no need to restart the server.
Many shared hosting providers allow .htaccess
, but some commands might be restricted.
Syntax errors can break your site — so be careful when editing.